PhD thesis on 大黑天 in Buddhism in Yunnan.
Early collection of Benzhu names and their related stories in many areas.
A detailed analysis of Bai Benzhu cult, classifying it as a religion with deep roots in agricultural practice.
A most comprehensive collection of ancient rituals in China and their meaning. This volume covers the Jinuo, Yi and Bai minorities in Yunnan.
Dali Bai Nationality Benzhu Religion with particular focus on temple decoration.
A detailed collection of Benzhu, the Bai protector deities, arranged according to the type of Benzhu: from nature worship over legendary figures, Nanzhao and Dali kingdom personalities all the way to the Chinese republican era.
Lots of details about the Benzhu background and their relationships, but some of the dates for Benzhu festivals seem to be a little unreliable.
Descriptions of the history of many Benzhu, but unfortunately many of these stories are anecdotal and do not reflect the actual historic roots.
Abstract: 摘要:<正> 一、白族巫教的内幕和活动情况白族的巫教的巫师是世代相传的。男巫叫“神汉”或叫“巫公”,女的叫“巫婆”或叫“女巫”。巫人的家里都有“家堂”或叫“香堂”。家堂设有神案,案前摆着一个香盆,每天都在香盆里面烧化香火纸钱和“甲马纸(子)”,有香堂的巫师,地位比较高一些,称为“香堂主”。据说“香堂主”都有一对专门供他驱使的阴司童子,每天所烧的纸钱和甲马都是供这对童子使用的。
Bai Dragon King worship
Collection of articles about Dali religion (Benzhu, Christianity, Daoism) by the author.
A comprehensive listing of Benzhu temples and the related festivals in the Dali Erhai region.
A collection of articles written by Zhang Xilu on historic aspects of Bai culture.
Detailed description of the activities during the "Receiving the Aunt" activity in Xizhou.
Investigation into the historical roots of some Bai festivals.
Abstract: In the historical transformation of the state, benzhu worship in the Erhai lake basin, northwest Yunnan, an esoteric Buddhist practice developed in the period of Nanzhao Kingdom, has been continually reconstructed by the state and local agencies. As a result, social boundaries between the Han Chinese and the ethnic ‘others’ living in this multiethnic southwestern frontier of China have been constantly remade. This paper, through a review of the state’s interpretations and local agencies’ negotiations and contentions of the meaning and practice of the worship, is mainly intended to revisit the social and cultural consequences incurred by the transformation of the state, and highlight, among other things, how local agencies, average villagers in particular, have cautiously yet ingeniously exercised their agency since the 1950s by appropriating or recasting national and international discourses on ethnicity and diversity to serve their own ends.